Khanh Hoa Province

Date of Profile Completion:

January 7, 2018

Profile

Geographic, Demographic Socioeconomic:


Land area (km²)	5217.6 km²
Sea area (km²)	250 km²
Coastline (km)	385 km
Major river systems (names)	• Cai Nha Trang River: 79 km long, watershed area is 1,904 km², covering the Khanh Vinh, Dien Khanh districts, Nha Trang city and a part of Cam Lam district. • Cai Ninh Hoa river: originates from Dak Lak province and pours to Nha Phu lagoon (in the North of Nha Trang Bay); 53 km long, watershed area: 916 km². • To Hap river (small river): flows through Khanh Son district and pours to Cam Ranh Bay (in the South of Nha Trang Bay).
Total number of coastal cities/ municipalities	9 districts/cities, including Van Ninh, Cam Lam, Dien Khanh, Khanh Son, Khanh Vinh, Truong Sa; Ninh Hoa; Nha Trang and Cam Ranh). Nha Trang city consists of 19 wards and 8 communes.
Population (latest census)	1,174,136 (2011)
Population growth rate (latest census)	0.55% (2011)
Male/Female ratio (latest census)	No information available.
Average annual household income (latest census)	No information available.
Sectoral employment (percentage of total employment; latest census) Agriculture/fisheries Industry Services	Services - tourism account for 45% of economic structure, industry – construction 42%, agriculture – forestry – fishery 13%

Ecological/Environmental:


Key Marine Habitats (Mangrove, Coral, Seagrass, etc.) (Areal coverage/habitat)	• Coastal alluvial Van Ning district has thousands of cubic meters of coral reefs. • Mangroves: Mangroves in coastal Khanh Hoa now only a few hundred hectares of secondary forest in coastal estuarine areas. Most mangroves were destroyed by war and by human activities, especially shrimp farming activities in the past 10-15 years. Survey results show that 20 species of mangrove plants in 12 families, which is the dominant grass and shrub populations has almost no economic value to humans. • Seagrass: At present, about 6 species of seagrass have been recorded in the coastal waters of Khanh Hoa. Seagrass ecosystems have an important role in creating spawning and nursery habitats of sea turtles, fish and mollusks • Seaweed: Khanh Hoa has a favorable ecological conditions for algae growth, including abundant sunlight. 400 species of algae are divided into 4 categories: blue, red, brown and green algae.
Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (Number of MPAs and total areal coverage)	• Natural Reserve Area of Truong Sa Islands • Sea Conservation Area of Nha Trang Bay • Sea Conservation Area of Ran Trao • Aquacultural Protection Area of Ran Dua • Natural Conservation Area of Hon Ba
Coastal fisheries (species/levels)	Marine resources include fish, crustacean, mollusc and seaweed. There are 600 different species, in which 50 species of economic value; fish stock of about 116 thousand tons (70% pelagic including large pelagic fish, mackerels, silver fish, sharks and small pelagic fish) Demersal fish production accounts for only 30%.
Threatened or endangered species (protected species)	• Coral reefs • Sea turtles • Scallops, Abalones • Exhausted species of sea shrimps, lobsters, blood cockles, fish, sea horses

Threats and Hazards to sustainable development of marine and coastal areas and ecosystems:


Climate variation and change	Typhoons/severe tropical storms: Storms and hurricanes occur at low frequency (≈ 0.82 storms/year) Storm surges/flooding: Flood in 2010; 1,000 residents re-allocated Sea level rise: Development of coastal urban areas is affected by sea level rise. Drought: Risk of inland droughts increases from 2.74% to 3.09%
Other natural threats and hazards	Coastal erosion: occurrence at Nha Trang Beach Landslides: at km 1361+900, Suoi Cat commune, Cam Lam district (5/12/2010)
Other climate/man-made hazards
Man-made threats and hazards	Oil spills (from sea-based or land-based sources): 16/4/2007, oil spill was found in Hon Gom peninsula, Van Thanh commune, Van Ninh district (1km in length) Domestic garbage/solid waste: From handicraft villages, and from farms and slaughtering houses. Industrial and hazardous waste: • Businesses located in industrial zones and industrial clusters. • Hyundai Vinashin illegally buried 60 tonnes of nix grains in Khanh Hoa. • industrial waste illegally disposed in a residential area of the village Dac Loc, Vinh Phuong Commune, Nha Trang Overfishing/destructive fishing: • Explosives, poisons, electrical impulses are banned. • high-priced craft, fishing scrubbed retired in restricted areas of Nha Phu Lagoon, Cam Ranh Bay, Van Phong Bay. • Mining, transporting, trafficking originating coral exploited in the sea. • Exploitation of rare aquatic species, aquatic species of economic value and science are in danger of extinction: marine turtles. Deforestation/land use: From January to July 2012, Khanh Hoa has illegally conducted 23 mining raids with 25 water pumps, generators and mining vehicles, destroying over 500 huts, seizing thousands of kilograms of ores. Harmful algal blooms: Some organisms are harmful that typically boom in number (e.g. Acanthaster planci feeds on coral reefs in Nha Trang, Ninh Hoa)

Status of ICM Implementation

ICM Coverage and Governance Indicators:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
ICM Coordinating Mechanism		X	Currently, DONRE (with the Provincial Sea and Island Management Agency (PSIMA) as the focal agency) is the governmental agency, responsible for managing coastal and marine resources and environment for the whole province. PSIMA conducts some activities related to the ICM project developed in 2008 for Nha Trang Bay area. However, the coordinating mechanism for ICM in reality does not exist and the activities are conducted in single sectoral manner.
ICM Project/Program Office		X	• Provincial Agency of Environmental Protection – Department of Natural Resources and Environment • Fisheries University, 3 Institutes of Aquacultural Research, Institute of Oceanography • Provincial Agency of Aquatic Resources Protection • Provincial Agency of Sea and Islands – Department of Natural Resources and Environment
Stakeholder Participation		X	Due to the lack of coordinating mechanism the participation of many stakeholders is inactive, mainly through the consultation or training workshops, but not in the plan development and implementation process.
Coastal Strategy/Implementation Plan	X		Khanh Hoa has not developed yet coastal strategy/action plan of the province or for any particular area in the province, the State of the Coasts or related monitoring and reporting system, as well as some important ICM tools such as coastal use zoning, integrated environmental monitoring, IIMS and integrated communication plan.
ICM Work Plan, Budget & Financing and Human Resources Committed		X	On the financial aspect, although the Nha Trang Bay ICM project was approved, the budget gotten was too little compared to the planned amount are it is provided dispersedly and discontinuously, with no budget for the coordinating mechanism setting up and operation. The participation of expert from sectors/agencies was not well mobilized. Due to the lack of coordinating mechanism the participation of many stakeholders is inactive, mainly through the consultation or training workshops, but not in the plan development and implementation process. The capacity of staff is weak in ICM, the training of resource people for ICM is not well concerned. Some ICM and related training courses were conducted, but the trained local staffs, in general, have not been used for ICM.
M&E Mechanism (including SOC Reporting)		X	No information available.

ICM Management Processes:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	IN PLACE	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Management Plan(s)* (e.g., CCA/DRR; habitat protection, restoration and management; water use/supply management; food security and livelihood management; pollution reduction and waste management; etc.) *at least 2 required for ICM Code Level 1 certification			X	Natural and man-made hazards management: Action plan on climate changes response for Khanh Hoa province (2011 - 2015). Oil spill response plan for Khanh Hoa province (2010) Biodiversity and habitat conservation: Establishment of Nha Trang Bay protected area Fisheries and sustainable livelihoods: consists of 4 components, and currently MARD coordinates and manages this project at national level, while in Khanh Hoa, this role is taken by DARD. Pollution reduction and waste management: Coastal City Sanitation Project (WB has approved the project budget of 124.7 mil. USD) for three cities in Central coastal region, including Nha Trang.
Tools applied at the ICM site (e.g., zoning/MSP; MPAs, EAFM, IRBM, others)			X	Zoning, MPAs

Areal Extent, Health and Resiliency of Coastal and Marine Habitats:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Scoping (including areal extent of coastal and marine habitats)	X		No information available.
Areal extent of damaged/degraded habitats	X		No information available.
Areal extent of healthy and resilient habitats	X		No information available.
Proposals/Action plans to restore damaged/degraded habitats		X	Nha Trang Bay protected area Management Board established (Decision 2259/QD-UBND dated 11 Sept. 2012) and Cooperation regulation issued (Decision No. 2260/QD-UBND dated 11 Sept. 2012). Nevertheless, the coordinating mechanism does not actually exist for solving many issues in the area. There were different training activities on co-management and livelihood alternatives. At present, the Management Board acts passively, mainly due to the limitation of local budget invested and lack of sustainability of human resource.
Restoration program(s)	X		No information available.
Benefits (social, economic, ecological) o Addressing/reducing CCA/DRR risks o Harmonizing access to marine space by established economic sectors o Assessing costs and benefits to clearly understand socio-economic and ecological trade-offs o Extending governance principles to be more inclusive to weaker disadvantaged sector, addressing issues of tenure and use-based access rights	X		No information available.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs):


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	IN PLACE	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Scoping (including areal extent of MPAs/MPA networks)	X
Ecological, social and economic characteristics, significance and conditions of MPA/MPA Network at project start-up	X
MPA governance situation at project start-up	X
METT rating of management effectiveness of MPA at project start-up	X
New or improved MPA management plan	X
Improvements recorded at priority MPA sites using METT indicators	X

Fisheries Management:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Scoping (including areal extent of threatened fishing grounds covered by ICM/EAFM management plans)	X		No information available.
Baseline conditions for CPUE for important fish species (threats, risks, or vulnerability assessments of fishing ground; governance and socio-economic conditions)	X		No information available.
EAFM or similar management plan	X		No information available.
Evidence of measured increase in CPUE of 10% over baseline condition for important fish species using ICM/EAFM approach	X		No information available.
Socio-economic and ecological impacts and benefits derived from ICM/EAFM implementation (DSS models e.g., FISH DA, TURF)	X		No information available.
Socio-economic assessment of fishing households	X		No information available.
Livelihood development and implementation opportunities	X		No information available.
Market assessment/sustainability analysis of alternative livelihoods	X		No information available.
Pilot project proposal/action plan for livelihood development		X	WB project on sustainable fisheries, which has 4 components: Component A: Institutional capacity strenethening for sustainable fisheries management; Component B: Good pracrtice in sustainable aquaculture; Component C: Sustainable management of coastal fisheries; Component D: Project management, monitoring and assessment. Currently, MARD coordinates and manages this project at national level, while in Khanh Hoa this role is taken by DARD. This activity is conducted on the single sectoral basis. The Project Management Board is established by DARD; it cooperates with some other agencies including DONRE, during the project implementation process.
Evidence of improvements in socio-economic conditions in fisher households	X		No information available.
Case studies and policy briefs for scaling up and replication	X		No information available.

Pollution Reduction:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Profiles of pilot river basin/coastal areas (including areal extent of priority river basins/coastal areas covered by ICM/IWRM management plans)	X		No information available.
Project proposal/action plan for an integrated river basin and coastal area focusing on pollution prevention and management and/or water resource conservation, protection and management		X	Coastal City Sanitation Project (WB has approved the project budget of 124.7 mil. USD) for three cities in Central coastal region, including Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa province) Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh province) and Dong Hoi (Quang Binh province).
Water quality monitoring in priority rivers/coastal areas	X
Evidence of reduced pollutant discharges and water resource conservation, protection and use management	X

Nutrient Management and Water Use Conservation:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Household survey of water supply, use and sanitation conditions in coastal and watershed areas		X	90% of households are on a centralized water supply. The proportion of rural residents with access to clean water is 58%.
Feasibility assessment of improved access to safe and secure water supply and improved sanitation through technologies, operations and good management practices	X		No information available.
Evidence of socio-economic and environmental benefits	X		No information available.

Preparedness and Capability to Respond to Natural and Man-made Hazards:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	ONGOING DEV'T	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Profiles of highly vulnerable coastal communities	X		No information available.
Proposal/management action plan for CCA/DRRM-focused ICM pilot demonstration project for highly vulnerable coastal area/community		X	Action plan on climate changes response for Khanh Hoa province (2011 - 2015) was developed and approved, but its implementation is passive due to the budget limitation. It is realized within the framework of DARD. There is a lack of multi-sectoral coordination and the cooperation, including that with DONRE. Three level Oil Spill response including national, provincial and enterprise levels is covered with notification procedure, communication list and organizational mechanism for preparedness and combat.
CCA/DRRM Plans, early warning systems and institutional mechanisms	X		No information available.
Trainings on vulnerability assessment, mapping etc.	X		No information available.
Policy/financial commitment in support of action plan	X		No information available.
Impacts/benefits derived (socio-economic, public awareness, reduced risk, improved resiliency)	X		No information available.
Case studies, good practices, climate smart policies and legislation	X		No information available.
Investments in climate change adaptation measures (including hard and soft engineering solutions)	X		No information available.
Percentage of households in highly vulnerable coastal areas relocated away from hazard zones (Project target: 5%)	X		No information available.
Percentage of households in highly vulnerable coastal areas provided with evacuation routes and safe refuge locations (Project target: 100%)	X		No information available.

Innovative Economic and Investment Instruments to Rehabilitate and Sustain Coastal & Marine Ecosystem Services:


	NOT YET IN PLACE	SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION/ REMARKS
Profiles of local governments implementing ICM (including priority issues/areas requiring capital financing and investments)	X	No information available.
Project proposal/feasibility study for bankable investment projects	X	No information available.
Economic instruments and investment mechanisms (e.g., PES; PPP; licensing/user fee; green bonds; blue carbon; etc.)	X	No information available.
Evidence of increased investments and social, economic and ecological benefits and impacts from increased investments	X	No information available.
Evidence of social, economic and ecological benefits and impacts from increased investments	X	No information available.

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