Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (2020)

Oceans and seas contribute approximately $3-6 trillion annually to the global economy in terms of the market value of goods and services including fisheries, energy, shipping, tourism, recreational, and mining sectors, as well as non-market ecosystem services such as climate regulation, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Yet, the integrity of these ocean values and services is at significant risk due to a range of ocean management policy and market failures leading to fisheries overexploitation, pollution (especially nutrients and plastics), invasive species, habitat loss and ocean acidification. These are primarily resulting from anthropogenic factors that require transformational change in governance at various levels – local, national, regional and global.